Operating costs (OPEX) for the global freight fleet topped $100 billion for the first time in 2017, up from $98 billion in 2016, according to Clarkson Research. In 2008, operating costs for the global freight fleet were $83 billion. Clarkson noted that crew salaries still accounted for the largest share of total expenses in fleet operating costs, at $43 billion. These funds were used to allocate 1.40 million crew members. Management fees accounted for the second largest share of crew operating costs, totaling $9.20 billion, followed by $7.70 billion for repairs and $5 billion for storage and lubrication. In addition, there were $4.60 billion for insurance costs, $3.40 billion for ship protection and indemnity (P & I), and $3.20 billion for fixed supplies. At the same time, grocery costs cost $4.30 billion, and other unit costs $6.90 billion. Shipping companies are under considerable pressure to remain competitive and reduce costs over the past few years, as losses in offshore operations continue to spread from the offshore sector to the container, bulk, and oil industries. Clarkson points out that technology and automation continue to attract industry investment in order to make the shipping industry smarter, collecting and using "big data." Costs in this area (excluding ship operating costs) are also clearly a considerable goal. As a result, the shipping industry will need new technologies, skills, and new accounting methods.

• Previous：Greater Mekong Subregion Countries Accelerate Transport and Trade Facilitation
• Next：Djibouti's multi-functional port of Djibouti, built by China State Construction Corporation, officially opened